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  <div class="section" id="the-python-standard-library">
<span id="library-index"></span><h1>Python 标准库<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-standard-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>While <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 语言参考</span></a>
    描述了精确的语法和
    Python 语言的语义, 这个图书馆参考手册
    描述使用 Python 分发的标准库。它还
    描述一些通常包括的可选组件
    在 Python 发行版中。</p>
<p>Python 的标准库非常广泛, 提供广泛的支持, 如以下所列的目录所示。该库包含内置模块 (以 C 语言编写),
它提供了对 python 程序员无法访问的文件 i/o 等系统功能的存取, 以及在 python 中编写的模块,
以及为日常变成中的许多问题提供了标准化的解决方案。其中一些模块被明确设计为通过将平台细节抽象为平台无关的 api 来增强 Python 程序的可移植性.</p>
<p>Windows 平台的 Python 安装程序通常包括整个标准库, 而且通常还包括许多其他组件。对于类似于 Unix 的操作系统,
Python 通常是作为软件包的集合提供的, 因此可能需要使用与操作系统一起提供的打包工具来获取部分或全部可选组件。</p>
<p>除了标准库之外, 还有越来越多的模块 (从单个程序的模块到包含整个应用程序的开发框架), 可从 <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi">Python 库 目录</a>.</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html">1. 介绍</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html">2. 内置函数</a></li>
    <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html">3. 内置常量</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">3.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">站点</span></code> 模块</a>提供的常量</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html">4.内置类型</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">4.1. Truth Value Testing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">4.2. 布尔运算 — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">and</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#comparisons">4.3. 比较</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex">4.4. 数值类型 — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">complex</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator-types">4.5. 迭代器类型</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#sequence-types-list-tuple-range">4.6. 序列类型 — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">range</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str">4.7. 文本序列类型 — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview">4.8. 二进制序列类型 — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">4.9. 集合类型 — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">4.10. 映射类型 — <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">4.11. 上下文管理器类型</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">4.12.其他内置类型</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#special-attributes">4.13. 特殊属性</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html">5. 内置异常</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#base-classes">5.1. 基类</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions">5.2. Concrete exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#warnings">5.3. 警告</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">5.4. 异常层次结构</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="text.html">6. Text Processing Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string.html">6.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">string</span></code> — 常用字符串操作</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="re.html">6.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">re</span></code> — 正则表达式操作</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="difflib.html">6.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">difflib</span></code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="textwrap.html">6.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code> — 文字环绕和填充</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unicodedata.html">6.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code> — Unicode Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringprep.html">6.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stringprep</span></code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html">6.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></code> — GNU readline 接口</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html">6.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></code> — GNU readline 的完成功能</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="binary.html">7. Binary Data Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="struct.html">7.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span></code> — 将字节码为打包的二进制数据</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codecs.html">7.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code> — Codec registry and base classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datatypes.html">8. Data Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html">8.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> — 基本日期和时间类型</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">8.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">calendar</span></code> — 与日历相关的一般功能</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html">8.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></code> — Container datatypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html">8.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq.html">8.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heapq</span></code> — 堆队列算法</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect.html">8.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code> — 数组二等分算法</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array.html">8.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">array</span></code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html">8.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">weakref</span></code> — Weak references</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html">8.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copy.html">8.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html">8.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code> — Data pretty printer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reprlib.html">8.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reprlib</span></code> — Alternate <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code> implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html">8.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">enum</span></code> — Support for enumerations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="numeric.html">9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html">9.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html">9.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">math</span></code> — Mathematical functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html">9.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html">9.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fractions.html">9.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> — Rational numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html">9.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">random</span></code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics.html">9.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">statistics</span></code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functional.html">10. Functional Programming Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html">10.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools</span></code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functools.html">10.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">functools</span></code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="operator.html">10.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></code> — Standard operators as functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="filesys.html">11. File and Directory Access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html">11.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html">11.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fileinput.html">11.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stat.html">11.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stat</span></code> — Interpreting <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stat()</span></code> results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="filecmp.html">11.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tempfile.html">11.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="glob.html">11.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">glob</span></code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html">11.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="linecache.html">11.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">linecache</span></code> — Random access to text lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shutil.html">11.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></code> — High-level file operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="macpath.html">11.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macpath</span></code> — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="persistence.html">12. Data Persistence</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html">12.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> — Python object serialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copyreg.html">12.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">copyreg</span></code> — Register <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> support functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shelve.html">12.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shelve</span></code> — Python object persistence</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html">12.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbm.html">12.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbm</span></code> — Interfaces to Unix “databases”</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sqlite3.html">12.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="archiving.html">13. Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zlib.html">13.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zlib</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gzip.html">13.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bz2.html">13.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bz2</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">bzip2</strong> compression</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lzma.html">13.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lzma</span></code> — Compression using the LZMA algorithm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipfile.html">13.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></code> — Work with ZIP archives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tarfile.html">13.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tarfile</span></code> — Read and write tar archive files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="fileformats.html">14. File Formats</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="csv.html">14.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">csv</span></code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configparser.html">14.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configparser</span></code> — Configuration file parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="netrc.html">14.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code> — netrc file processing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xdrlib.html">14.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="plistlib.html">14.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> — Generate and parse Mac OS X <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.plist</span></code> files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="crypto.html">15. Cryptographic Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hashlib.html">15.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hmac.html">15.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="secrets.html">15.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">secrets</span></code> — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="allos.html">16. Generic Operating System Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html">16.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html">16.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html">16.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html">16.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html">16.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html">16.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html">16.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html">16.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html">16.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html">16.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad">16.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html">16.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html">16.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html">16.14. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> —  Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html">16.15. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html">16.16. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrency.html">17. Concurrent Execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html">17.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Thread-based parallelism</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html">17.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based parallelism</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.html">17.3. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concurrent</span></code> package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html">17.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code> — Launching parallel tasks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html">17.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> — Subprocess management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sched.html">17.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sched</span></code> — Event scheduler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queue.html">17.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">queue</span></code> — A synchronized queue class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_threading.html">17.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="_thread.html">17.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_thread</span></code> — Low-level threading API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="_dummy_thread.html">17.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_dummy_thread</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_thread</span></code> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ipc.html">18. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html">18.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> — Low-level networking interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html">18.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html">18.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="selectors.html">18.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">selectors</span></code> — High-level I/O multiplexing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio.html">18.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code> — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html">18.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></code> — Asynchronous socket handler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html">18.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="signal.html">18.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">signal</span></code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mmap.html">18.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="netdata.html">19. Internet Data Handling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">19.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="json.html">19.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailcap.html">19.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mailcap</span></code> — Mailcap file handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html">19.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimetypes.html">19.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="base64.html">19.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base64</span></code> — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binhex.html">19.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">binhex</span></code> — Encode and decode binhex4 files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binascii.html">19.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quopri.html">19.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uu.html">19.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uu</span></code> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="markup.html">20. Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.html">20.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html</span></code> — HyperText Markup Language support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.parser.html">20.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html.parser</span></code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.entities.html">20.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html.entities</span></code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html">20.4. XML Processing Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html">20.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code> — The ElementTree XML API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html">20.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code> — The Document Object Model API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html">20.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html">20.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html">20.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html">20.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.handler</span></code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.utils.html">20.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></code> — SAX Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html">20.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.xmlreader</span></code> — Interface for XML parsers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html">20.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="internet.html">21. Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html">21.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html">21.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb.html">21.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html">21.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html">21.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — URL handling modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html">21.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response">21.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html">21.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.error.html">21.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.robotparser.html">21.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></code> —  Parser for robots.txt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html">21.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http</span></code> — HTTP modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html">21.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html">21.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html">21.14. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html">21.15. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html">21.16. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html">21.17. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html">21.18. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> — SMTP Server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html">21.19. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html">21.20. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html">21.21. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html">21.22. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code> — HTTP servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html">21.23. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></code> — HTTP state management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html">21.24. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">21.25. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc</span></code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html">21.26. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html">21.27. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.server</span></code> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html">21.28. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mm.html">22. Multimedia Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="audioop.html">22.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">audioop</span></code> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aifc.html">22.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">aifc</span></code> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sunau.html">22.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sunau</span></code> — Read and write Sun AU files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wave.html">22.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wave</span></code> — Read and write WAV files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="chunk.html">22.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">chunk</span></code> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="colorsys.html">22.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">colorsys</span></code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imghdr.html">22.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imghdr</span></code> — Determine the type of an image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sndhdr.html">22.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sndhdr</span></code> — Determine type of sound file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ossaudiodev.html">22.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ossaudiodev</span></code> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="i18n.html">23. Internationalization</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html">23.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale.html">23.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">locale</span></code> — Internationalization services</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="frameworks.html">24. Program Frameworks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html">24.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html">24.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html">24.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code> — Simple lexical analysis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tk.html">25. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html">25.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.ttk.html">25.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.ttk</span></code> — Tk themed widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.tix.html">25.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.tix</span></code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.scrolledtext.html">25.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.scrolledtext</span></code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="idle.html">25.5. IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="othergui.html">25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="development.html">26. Development Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html">26.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> — Support for type hints</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html">26.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html">26.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html">26.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — Unit testing framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html">26.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — mock object library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html">26.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — getting started</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html">26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html">26.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support">26.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="debug.html">27. Debugging and Profiling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html">27.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html">27.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code> — Dump the Python traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html">27.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html">27.4. The Python Profilers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html">27.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html">27.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tracemalloc.html">27.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code> — Trace memory allocations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="distribution.html">28. Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils.html">28.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> — Building and installing Python modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ensurepip.html">28.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ensurepip</span></code> — Bootstrapping the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> installer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="venv.html">28.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> — Creation of virtual environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipapp.html">28.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zipapp</span></code> — Manage executable python zip archives</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="python.html">29. Python Runtime Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html">29.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sysconfig.html">29.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="builtins.html">29.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">builtins</span></code> — Built-in objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html">29.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> — Top-level script environment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="warnings.html">29.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">warnings</span></code> — Warning control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextlib.html">29.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> — Utilities for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></code>-statement contexts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="abc.html">29.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="atexit.html">29.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html">29.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__future__.html">29.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> — Future statement definitions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gc.html">29.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gc</span></code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inspect.html">29.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect</span></code> — Inspect live objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="site.html">29.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site</span></code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fpectl.html">29.14. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fpectl</span></code> — Floating point exception control</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="custominterp.html">30. Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="code.html">30.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">code</span></code> — Interpreter base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codeop.html">30.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code> — Compile Python code</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html">31. Importing Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipimport.html">31.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zipimport</span></code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pkgutil.html">31.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></code> — Package extension utility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modulefinder.html">31.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></code> — Find modules used by a script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="runpy.html">31.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html">31.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code> — The implementation of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></code></a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">32. Python Language Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">32.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parser</span></code> — Access Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ast.html">32.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symtable.html">32.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">symtable</span></code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symbol.html">32.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">symbol</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="token.html">32.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">token</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="keyword.html">32.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">keyword</span></code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize.html">32.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tabnanny.html">32.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tabnanny</span></code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr.html">32.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyclbr</span></code> — Python class browser support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="py_compile.html">32.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></code> — Compile Python source files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall.html">32.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html">32.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools.html">32.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="misc.html">33. Miscellaneous Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="formatter.html">33.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">formatter</span></code> — Generic output formatting</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html">34. MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msilib.html">34.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">msilib</span></code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msvcrt.html">34.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winreg.html">34.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">winreg</span></code> — Windows registry access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winsound.html">34.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">winsound</span></code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unix.html">35. Unix Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="posix.html">35.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">posix</span></code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html">35.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code> — The password database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="spwd.html">35.3. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spwd</span></code> — The shadow password database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="grp.html">35.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">grp</span></code> — The group database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="crypt.html">35.5. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="termios.html">35.6. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">termios</span></code> — POSIX style tty control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tty.html">35.7. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tty</span></code> — Terminal control functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pty.html">35.8. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pty</span></code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html">35.9. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> — The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl</span></code> system calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pipes.html">35.10. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pipes</span></code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="resource.html">35.11. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resource</span></code> — Resource usage information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nis.html">35.12. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nis</span></code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="syslog.html">35.13. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">syslog</span></code> — Unix syslog library routines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="superseded.html">36. Superseded Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html">36.1. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> — Parser for command line options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imp.html">36.2. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imp</span></code> — Access the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></code> internals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html">37. Undocumented Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#platform-specific-modules">37.1. Platform specific modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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